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Bare classifiers and definiteness A cross-linguistic investigation (Simpson et al., 2011)

Citation

Simpson, A., Soh, H. L., & Nomoto, H. (2011). Bare classifiers and definiteness: A cross-linguistic investigation. Studies in Language. International Journal sponsored by the Foundation “Foundations of Language”, 35(1), 168-193.

My thoughts

Bare classifier 在普通话中是常见的吗?

主要发现

  • 虽然 the use of bare classifier patterns for definite reference is a cross-linguistically connected phenomenon, there is more variation between definite bare classifier and bare noun patterns, but preference for one pattern over another needs more functional/pragmatic explanations
  • 在这些语言里面,bare classifier有一样的pattern,definiteness也一样

bare classifier:

  • bare classifier 是指量词和名词搭配使用但没有数词的情况。例如,粤语中的“只狗”(zek3 gau2)可以表示“这只狗”或“那只狗”。
  • bare classifier 在某些语言中能够表达“特指”,类似于英语中的定冠词“the”。

研究目标:

  • 确定bare classifier 结构在粤语、越南语、苗语和孟加拉语中是否属于同一种语言现象。
  • 探讨bare classifier 是否会限制裸名词用来表达“特指”的可能性。
  • 分析在表达特指时,bare classifier 和bare noun的使用选择受到哪些因素的影响。

研究方法:

作者设计了一个平行语料调查,收集了粤语、越南语、苗语和孟加拉语中的bare classifier 和bare noun使用数据。 数据覆盖了五种“特指”语境,包括: (A) 会话中提到过的名词(anaphoric definiteness)。 (B) 可见且唯一可识别的名词(visible, uniquely identifiable)。 (C) 通过关联获得特指意义的名词(definiteness by association/inference)。 (D) 不可见但语境唯一的名词(invisible, contextually unique)。 (E) 文化上独特的名词(culturally unique, familiar entities)。

研究发现

  1. bare classifier 结构的普遍性
    • 在粤语、越南语、苗语和孟加拉语中,bare classifier 结构都可以用来表达“特指”。
    • 这些语言在五种“特指”语境中对bare classifier 的接受度都很高,说明bare classifier 表达特指是一个跨语言的共同现象。
  2. bare classifier 与bare noun 的分布

粤语:

  • 粤语中常用bare classifier 表达特指,但少数情况下也可以使用bare noun。例如:
  • bare classifier :go3 san1-loeng4 hou2 leng3 (“The bride was beautiful.”)
  • bare noun:zok3-ze2 hai6 jan3-dou6 jan4 (“The author was from India.”)
  • 传统文献认为粤语严格依赖bare classifier ,但研究发现部分粤语使用者也接受bare noun表达特指,尤其在特定语境下。

越南语:

  • 越南语对bare classifier 和bare noun的使用更灵活,二者在大多数语境中都可以互换。
  • 越南语中bare noun更普遍,尤其是文化独特性和语境唯一性的名词。例如:
  • bare noun:Cửa sổ có bị đóng không? (“Is the window closed?”)
  • bare classifier :Cái màn ảnh rất rộng (“The screen is very large.”)

苗语(Hmong):

  • 苗语偏好bare classifier 结构,尤其在会话中提到过的名词和可见且唯一的名词语境中。
  • bare noun在苗语中的使用非常有限。例如:
  • bare classifier :Lub qhov rai puas tau kaw? (“Did you shut the window?”)
  • bare noun:极少用在特指语境。

孟加拉语:

  • 孟加拉语中bare noun和bare classifier 共存,但其使用依语境而定:
  • bare classifier 常用于可见且唯一的名词或会话中提到过的名词。
  • bare noun 则常用于语境唯一或文化独特的名词。例如:
  • bare classifier :Radio-Ta ranna ghore ache (“The radio is in the kitchen.”)
  • bare noun:Cabi kothay? (“Where’s the key?”)

  • 影响裸量词和裸名词选择的因素

对比性(Contrast):

  • 在对比语境中(如“这只狗很老,那只猫很年轻”),bare classifier更常用,因为量词可以强化对比含义。

句中突出性(Prominence):

  • 当名词在句中具有更高的重要性或焦点时,bare classifie 更倾向被使用。

歧义消解(Disambiguation):

  • bare classifie 可以消除歧义。例如,bare noun可能被解释为复数,而bare classifie则明确表示单数。

语境独特性(Contextual uniqueness):

  • 如果名词在语境中是唯一的,bare noun更倾向被使用;如果存在多个类似对象,bare classifie更常用。

Bare classifier

  • with a noun but without a numeral
  • Nominal expression receives a definite interpretation
  • Classifiers have grammaticalized additional functions linked to the emergence of new definite determiners
  • 我想买本书 = indefinite in object position
  • 普通话和粤语(越南语,苗语,bangla)的区别
    • 普通话只能在object position
    • 只能有indefinite interpretation in the object position
    • 如果要definite interoperation在subject position只能说:狗今天特别累,而不是只狗今天特别累

Mandarin and Cantonese

  • Cheng and Sybesma 1999 found that classifier languages exhibit either the bare classifier or the bare noun pattern for definite reference but not both

5 Subtypes of situations licensing the use of definite determiners in English

  1. Discourse-anaphoric: A definite determiner is used in reference to an antecedent that is previously introduced by means of some overt linguistic item
    • John has a dog and a cat. The dog is very old
  2. Visible and uniquely identifiable for both speaker and hearer
    • Pass me the hammer
  3. association/inference, definite identity of a referent results from its association with some other entity mentioned in the discourse
    • We went to a wedding yesterday. The bride was very beautiful
  4. Contextually unique, but not visible
    • Where’s the key?
  5. Culturally unique
    • The president has died

Method

  • Focusing on the definite interpretation of bare classifier and bare noun patterns
  • three non-Sinitic languages
    • Vietnamese
    • Hmong
    • Bangla
  • Two geographical varieties of Cantonese
  • AJT (in 5 subtypes)

Research Questions

  • bare classifier 在vietnamese, hmong, bangla, and cantonese 有同样的linguistics pattern吗?Definite interpretations how to define?
  • 一种语言中是否有“裸量词”结构,会在多大程度上限制“裸名词”用来表示“特指”含义的可能性?当还有其他方式可以表示“特指”时,哪些因素会影响使用“裸量词”结构还是其他形式来表示“特指”?

Results bare noun patterns

  • All four languages exhibit high acceptability rates for definite interpretation of bare classifier forms.
  • Bangla shows low acceptability rating for contextually unique and culturally unique items